巴鲁克·斯宾诺莎有时被称为“现代性之父”。斯宾诺莎，与笛卡尔和莱布尼茨一样，被认为是16和17世纪最伟大的理性主义者。他们三人中，斯宾诺莎在哲学上是最激进的。笛卡尔和莱布尼茨都在他们的体系中找到了一个类似传统犹太-基督教上帝的位置，一个人性化的上帝，他创造了我们其余的人。斯宾诺莎否认《圣经》的权威，否认犹太教和基督教关于超验上帝的观点，并打开了现代世俗哲学的大门。
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