About two months ago, Iposed a philosophical puzzle(as I’ve been doing duringthe Corona crisis) that had to do with whether it’s morally acceptable to lie to robots. My puzzle was addressed at Immanuel Kant’s moral philosophy, which seems to say that lying is always wrong (and under the right interpretation—there’s the rub—itdoessay that).

The puzzle was this:if lying is always wrong (for Kant), would it be wrong (according to Kant’s theory) to lie to a robot with speech technology who came to your door trying to locate innocent people who were hiding from a tyrannical government?

一方面，你会说出一个谎言，这看起来像是撒谎。另一方面，它只是一个机器人，而“谎言”是为了保护无辜的人。那么，根据康德的理论，你应该怎么做呢?

At the time I posed the puzzle, I also did two other things.

1. I promised to reach out to some Kant scholars to see what they would say about it.

2. I predicted that the Kant scholars would say (or imply) that I had butchered Kant’s thinking on the matter.

I can now proudly say that I have made good on my promise, and I have received extremely interesting replies from some excellent Kant scholars:Allen Wood(of University of Indiana),Eric Wilson(of my own department at Georgia State University), andAnna Wehofsits(of the the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in Munich).

但只有带着矛盾的骄傲，我才能说我的预测是正确的:所有三位康德学者都暗示我扼杀了康德的理论!特别是，我的谜题背后的解释预设是错误的。

I was taking Kant’s moral theory as being meant to give some sort of recipe or formula for what’s right or wrong to do. But that’s not the right way of looking at his ethical work. Rather—and this point was pushed on me by both Eric Wilson and Allen Wood—the main aim of Kant’s views on lying is to explainwhat it is of moral worth that is at stakewhen it comes to uttering falsehoods. Then, once we know what is at stake, we must apply our own judgment to individual cases to know whether it is wrong to utter a falsehood in a given circumstance. As Eric Wilson put it, “there is no substitute for sound judgment.”

All three Kant Scholars were also clear with me on the following point. Kant never meant to claim that every single falsehood one might utter counts as a lie. So even though lying (in the sense in which Kant intended that term)is总是错的，这并不意味着说假话就一定是错的。重要的是，著名的“站在门口的纳粹案件”可能是这样一种情况，由于情有可减的情况，说出一个谎言不被认为是康德所指的道德上的谎言(尽管这里有一些争论)。Effectively, then, Kant has made the word “lie” (German:lügen) into a term of art, which then comes to mean (i) to knowingly utter a falsehoodand(ii) to do it in a way that dishonors something that is morally important.

This is where what’s morally at stake comes in.

The two things of moral worth that one might violate or dishonor when uttering a falsehood are foremost these:

1. One’sduty to oneself.

2. One’sduty to uphold the system of law.

The first of these duties is general. Lying does oneself some measure of dishonor or debasement. Insofar as that’s true, it is morally wrong in that it violates one’s duty to oneself.

The second of these is more specific, and it appears that some people who hold that Kant thinks uttering a falsehood isnevermorally acceptable are misconstruingpoints he madethat were targeted at a more specific context: namely, declarations one makes in a legal setting. Kant’s point is that if one tells falsehood under oath, one is not only doing wrong to the specific people one is lying to (and to oneself)—but also to the system of right and law that is of value in and of itself. After all, pervasive falsehood would be especially corrosive to the functioning of necessary legal systems. So the system of law counts as afurthermoral stake when one is weighing whether uttering a falsehood in a given situation is wrong.

So where does this leave Kant in relation to our hypothetical situation of potentially “lying” to a robot to protect an innocent family?

Interestingly, none of those I asked gave a clear-cut answer. Allen Wood was very clear that we shouldn’t craft general principles from unlikely cases, but that doesn’t resolve the unlikely case. Nevertheless, I think we have the resources on the table for addressing the question on our own.

我们应该问:对机器人说假话会违背一个人对自己的责任吗?它会违反一个人对法律制度的义务吗?

Starting with the second question, I think the answer is a clear “no.” The reason is that the laws that would punish an innocent family just for their ethnicity are not part of a system of laws that is worth upholding. Insofar as that is true, duty to the system of law doesn’t rule out “lying” to the robot, since that robot is a cog in the wheel of an unjust system.

But what about one’s duty to oneself? Here I confess I would find something degrading about having to lie to a robot. But perhaps that’s an artifact of the situation rather than a moral violation in the act itself.

So—as far as we can tell—what would Kant’s verdict be? Perhaps that it’s okay to tell the robot a falsehood, as long as the reason for which one is doing it is so worthy that you can do it with a clear conscience. In my judgment, saving an innocent family would fit that bill.

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