Shazam!is the latest of the DC comics superhero movies, featuring foster child Billy Batson (akaCaptain Marvel). LikeBatmanandWonder Womanbefore,Shazam!is based on the exercise of transformative superpowers. Billy isn’t a very sophisticated wielder of his powers—indeed, part of the fun of the movie is watching him bumbling into figuring out the powers he has and how he might use them to bring good into the world. So it’s easy to seeShazam!as innocent and uplifting fun.

But it’s also useful to think more about whatShazam!’s audiences (who paid over $159 million worldwide its first weekend) may take away from the movie. Here are just a few possible messages:

• That the Philadelphia of Rocky is flourishing with a skyline of gleaming new skyscrapers
• That foster children can realistically aspire to attend CalTech
• That parental abuse creates evil offspring
• That children become adults when they acquire superpowers
• That people with superpowers conform to gender stereotypes: men have muscles and women wear short skirts
• That people acquiring superpowers conform to conventional images of beauty: crooked teeth are straightened and fat transforms into strength
• That people with disabilities throw away their crutches when they acquire superpowers
• That magic words can solve everything

These are bad messages about justice, I fear.Shazam!was so much fun and sweetly heart-warming that these and other potential messages for viewers nearly passed me by. I don't want to seem churlish, but I'd encourage people who seeShazam!and love it (90% on the Flixster Tomatometer and 88% of the Flixter audience when I looked) to think about these messages in the context of how theorizing about justice was deployed by John Rawls inA Theory of Justicein 1971. Specifically, Rawls developed a theory of justice for ideal circumstances, not for realities of existing injustices. He didn't start by asking what justice requires here and now. And, he thought of justice as a hypothetical agreement among productively capable people about how to share the benefits and burdens of social cooperation. Neither of these assumptions furthers inclusive justice for people who are worse off.

It might be sobering forShazam!让观众知道现在美国有超过50万的寄养儿童生活得并不好。寄养儿童是最贫穷的儿童之一。The motivations of foster parents may vary from therosy beneficenceportrayed inShazam!and by the American Academy of Pediatrics to far, far worse. A 2018 addition to the federal spending bill—theFamily First Prevention Services Act—will limit federal funding for group homes of the kind portrayed inShazam!When children age out of the foster care system—at age 18 in many states and age 21 in California and about twenty others—they are left to their own devices and may become homeless. Nearly half end up in jail after exiting the foster care system—so much so that leaving foster care has become known as the foster care to prisonpipeline.

People with disabilities don't fare very well in the U.S., either. Despite the Americans with Disabilities Act, only19.1%of people with disabilities are employed, in contrast to 65.9% of people without disabilities. High school graduation rates have improved but at about 2/3rds remain far lower than graduation rates over all. State Medicaid budgets are perennially cut and what there is of a social safety net in the US is frayed. Stigmatization of disability continues, especially people with mental illness or addictions.

InA Theory of Justice, Rawls developed an account of basic principles of justice for ideal circumstances. For Rawls, justice was the project of determining how full participants would share the benefits and burdens of social cooperation if they did not know features of themselves that would enable them to select principles that would give them an advantage. This was a project inideal theory; Rawls set aside, for another day, what justice might require innon-idealcircumstances of structural injustice or partial compliance situations when many are not meeting their obligations of justice.

Both of these choices—that participants in theorizing about justice are capable contributors and that ideal theory is the place to start with justice—have become highly controversial philosophically. Martha Nussbaum points out how conceptualizing justice as a bargain among the capable marginalizes populations such as the disabled. Some other writers, such as Amartya Sen and Jonathan Wolff, question whether idealizations of justice make sense at all, much less as guides to what to do in less than ideal circumstances. Instead, they suggest, we should consider what policies would further inclusion in the here and now.

The takeaways fromShazam!用罗尔斯的方法来解决这些问题。只有当人们被剥夺了残疾，他们才会获得超能力，使他们能够为改善世界做出贡献。And instead of thinking about the lives of children in foster care,Shazam!idealizes these lives away. At least in this group home, the children lead a happy existence. What's more, when evil strikes, they acquire through one little word superpowers which enable their triumph.

All the reviews ofShazam!that I've seen regard it as a delightful feel-good movie. And so it is, on one level. But beneath the fun lies very real structural injustice in the US today that superpowers will not readily dissipate.