Lincoln is revered as our greatest President; he is virtually an American Saint. In Sunday’s program, we look at his philosophical ideas --- both political and religious.

Some of these are disturbing. The Second Inaugural Address --- the one that’s carved on the wall of the Lincoln Memorial --- is really quite chilling. Especially if you think it really represents the philosophy of someone who has just pursued a path that led to the death of half a million people.

It ends with a very moving statement:

With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.’’

这些话表达了一种崇高的哲学:慈善、公平、同情。

But consider what comes earlier that in the address. Lincoln basically suggests that American slavery was something that happened according to God’s plan, but then God decided to stop it. And God chooses to do so by this terrible war, in which every drop of blood spilled by the lash of the whip during the 250 years of slavery shall be paid for by the blood of soldiers. That is a frightening picture, and a frightening image for our leader to have. He is but the pawn of a God who designs things so that first innocent people are slaves for 250 years… And then as payback, half a million folks - the vast majority of whom didn’t own slaves and many of whom were opposed to slavery - must suffer and die. A chilling theology.

However, to be fair, the larger context of this part of the address is a big question:Ifthis is what's going on,ifthis is all such a plan of God,thenquote:

shall we discern therein any departure from those divine attributes which the believers in a living God always ascribe to Him?

It’s as if Lincoln lays out this way of looking at things that might bring solace to the suffering believers --- it’s all God’s will --- but at the same time he really doesn’t commit himself to that. It’s not clearLincolngives the answer to the rhetorical question that he intends to evoke in the minds of his listeners.

As philosophers, I suppose we ought to be impressed that an American President could write prose that posed such deep questions in such an artful way. But that’s the whole mystery of Lincoln’s philosophy; a lot of at least these apparent contradictions.

He lauds government of the people, by the people, for the people; words that echo the Declaration of Independence. But that’s different from the idea that the union must be preserved, no matter what the southern states want. Then there’s the devotion to life, liberty and the rights of citizens; but he closed down the newspapers in New York City and jailed the editors and suspended Habeus Corpus. With malice towards none --- but he sent Sherman on his march through Georgia.

尽管他是一个坚定的、一贯反对奴隶制的人，但他也表达了种族主义观点。但也许问题不在于我们的林肯，而在于我们自己;我们不知道当时的情况，不知道他看到了什么选择。

我们会得到一些帮助来思考这个问题:芝加哥洛约拉大学的Al Gini，他在那里教授林肯和领导力课程。