Anti-Semitism 101
David Livingstone Smith

07 November 2018

Last week a middle-aged man named Robert Bowers walked into the Tree of Life synagogue in Pittsburgh and murdered eleven people. Just days afterwards, a Jewish cemetery in Rochester, New York, was vandalized and the words “Kill Jews” were found scrawled on the walls of a Brooklyn synagogue.

Since then, the news cycle has been awash with discussions of anti-Semitism, but there’s something peculiar about the way that it often gets described by our politicians and pundits. The problem is exemplified by Kellyanne Conway’s comment, on the Fox News channel’sFox and Friendsprogram, that the Pittsburgh atrocity expressed a growing hostility to religion in American life. She went on to say “remember, these people were gunned down in their place of worship, as were the people in South Carolina several years ago.”
This was a very odd thing to say. When Dylann Roof walked into the Emmanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church in Charleston and extinguished the lives of nine African Americans engaged in Bible study there, nobody thought of it as an attack on religion. That would have been absurd. The vicious mass murder in South Carolina was obviously motivated by beliefs about race.
很有可能，康韦在2018年中期选举的准备阶段，给自己的故事打上了宗教色彩，以吸引保守的基督徒，或者转移对她老板煽动性言论造成的排外氛围的指责。Perhaps that’s also why Attorney General Jeff Sessions said, in an address in Boston,"This was not just an attack on the Jewish faith. It was attack on all people of faith, and it was an attack on America's values of protecting those of faith. It cannot, it will not, be tolerated."但显然不止于此，因为这类言论并不仅限于特朗普政权的代表。
Robert Jones, head of the Pittsburgh FBI office, said Bowers “targeted [the victims] simply because of their faith.” And he’s far from being the only one, as several evenings’ viewing CNN made abundantly clear to me. Everyone and their uncle seemed to think that the Jewish congregation was assaulted because of their faith.
It’s true that, prior to the modern era, violence against Jews was often religiously motivated, and urged on by the toxic fulminations of Christian clergymen. For example, The Roman Catholic St. Chrysostom wrote, in hisFirst Homily Against the Jews, written in the late fourth century, that:
犹太人是狗，硬着颈项，贪吃，酒鬼。他们是不适合工作的野兽……犹太人的处境比最肮脏的动物还要糟糕……犹太教堂比妓院和酒楼还要糟糕;它是恶棍的巢穴，恶魔的庙宇，魔鬼的洞穴，基督刺客的犯罪集会....我恨犹太人，因为他们违反律法…恨犹太人是所有基督徒的责任。
Not to be outdone by his Catholic forbear, Martin Luther asked in his 1543 rantOn the Jews and Their Lies“What shall we do with this damned, rejected race of Jews?” and then answered his own question.
First, their synagogues should be set on fire… Secondly, their homes should likewise be broken down and destroyed… Thirdly, they should be deprived of their prayer books and Talmuds in which such idolatry, lies, cursing, and blasphemy are taught… Fifthly, travelling privileges must be absolutely forbidden to Jews… If however we are afraid that they might harm us personally… then let us settle with them for that which they have extorted usuriously from us, and after having divided it up fairly, let us drive them out of the country for all time.
Scholars refer to the sort of sectarian of hate that was spewed by the likes of Chrysostom and Lutheranti-Judaismto distinguish it fromanti-Semitism.Anti-Judaism is about religion, but anti-Semitism is about race.
Now, race is a philosophically contentious subject. Some philosophers think that race maps on to genuine biological differences—that it’s biologically real—but most believe that races are social inventions, and that they’re socially real. Finally, there are people like me—a small minority in the philososphere—who think that races are entirely fictional, but also hold that the belief that races exist is a real illusion with serious consequences. People who think that race is real mistake a fiction for a fact.
It’s precisely because beliefs about race are consequential for human lives that we philosophers should engage with assumptions about that are current in the wider world outside of academia. It’s fine to have heated arguments—as philosophers are wont to do—about how weoughtto think about race, but all those fine words and split hairs amount to very little if we remain aloof from how people actually think about race and how they go on to embody these thoughts in actions.
Many Americans seem have a hard time grasping the idea of Jews as a race because they think of race mainly in terms of the color of a person’s skin. But skin tone and other easily identifiable physical features have only an indirect conceptual relationship with race. The notion of passing—the idea that a person can be outwardly indistinguishable from members of a certain race while notreally这向我们表明，即使在肤色至上的美国，一个人的外世界杯赛程2022赛程表欧洲区貌也不能决定他是什么种族。在大众的想象中，一个人的种族和他的外貌之间的关系就像流感感染和流感症状之间的关系一样——这是一种因果关系。就像你可能感染了流感病毒而不表现出任何迹象一样，你也可能成为一个种族的一员而不被不经意的观察者察觉。就像疾病一样，种族可以无症状地出现。
Looked at in this way, there’s no contradiction in saying that although most Jews look White, they aren’t really White. The Nazis certainly believed that Jews are a vile and inferior race that was hell-bent on wrecking German civilization, and believed—like American proponents of the one-drop rule—that race is located in a person’s blood rather than in the externalities of how they look and behave. That’s why a person could be a devout German Christian and still end up in Auschwitz if they had the wrong sort of pedigree. And even though average Americans don’t seem to think of Jews as a race, those at the ever-growing far-right extreme—the White nationalists and neo-Nazis—certainly do. When the mob of angry tiki-torchers marched through Charlottesville last year, chanting “Jews will not replace us!” they weren’t incensed about anyone’s religious orientation.
Was the attack in Pittsburgh an example of anti-Judaism or anti-Semitism? Was it mainly about religion, or was it mainly about race?
The answer is easily ascertained. All we have to do is to attend to the shooter’s own words. Just minutes before the fateful moment when Bowers barged into the synagogue brandishing a AR-15 assault rifle and equipped with three Glock .357 handguns, he wrote on social media,“我不能坐视我的人民被屠杀。去你的光学仪器，我要进去了。”And once the mayhem was over, he told a police officer “他们在对我的人民进行种族灭绝。我只想杀犹太人。"
If you’re acquainted with the White nationalist semantic landscape, the meaning of these statements is transparent. The expression “my people” is used in these circles to refer to White people, and reference to slaughter in the first statement and to genocide in the second alludes to the notion of White genocide—the idea that people of color are busy subjugating and exterminating the White race, and that this project is masterminded by Jews. Bowers clearly took himself to be a foot-soldier in the struggle against the Jewish plot against the White race. And it’s obvious that if he believed that Jews are White, the notion that they are busy orchestrating the extermination of the White race would be bizarre-to-unintelligible.
Oddly enough, then, Kellyanne Conway turns out to have been correct when she included the murder in Pittsburgh in the same category as the murder Charleston, but she was wrong about why the two belong together. Neither of these hideous events were attacks on religion. Both were acts of racist terror.

Comments(4)

Harold G. Neuman's picture

Harold G. Neuman

Friday, November 9, 2018 -- 11:20 AM

I have never thought of

I have never thought of antisemitism as racially motivated. In the Hitler years with persecution of Jews by the Nazis, Hitler was a notoriously bigoted miscreant, making no bones about his disdain of black people. This was spotlighted by the Olympic Games and his hatred for the way Jesse Owens commanded track events, soundly thrashing the competition, including some of the Reich's superior Aryans. If today anti Semites continue to focus their vitriol on Jews, that, to me, is antisemitism-as-usual. Another way of approaching this question is to consider the enmity between Arabs and Jews. They are racially indistinguishable, but Islam and Judaism have been at odds with each other for a couple of thousand years. So, call it what you will, but take a longer look at human history and human nature. Oh, and for the record, political hacks will do anything to redirect attention and misdirect the conversation...

jimray216's picture

jimray216

Monday, November 26, 2018 -- 12:34 PM

Isn’t this proof of prejudice

Isn’t this proof of prejudice by very successful and/or famous academia?
Islam and Judaism can not be at odds for two thousand years when one has not even reached 1500s!!! But it has potential to reach to two thousand years if the teachers who are supposed to teach with greatest ideals write such comments!
This comment exactly would do as the commentator has put in his own words
"... to redirect attention and misdirect the conversation..."

Novanna52's picture

Novanna52

Wednesday, November 14, 2018 -- 11:47 AM

Here's the thing. If the

Here's the thing. If the violence is enacted only against people who practice Judaism, then only synagogue members would be targeted. We know that is not true; even non-religious Jews were sent to the ovens. Current Nazis want to do the same thing.

Also, Jews do not have this Half-Jewish thing, especially if the *half* is the father. Judaism is only passed down through the mother. If your mother is Jewish, then you are all Jewish. If you mother in not Jewish, but your father is, then you are not Jewish, and would need to convert, in order to be Jewish. The Half-Jewish thing is *only* set up to justify discrimination by race, NOT religion.

FL-Driver's picture

FL-Driver

Monday, April 8, 2019 -- 7:56 PM

I think it goes to a basic

I think it goes to a basic sense of how you were raised and your view of the world and how you deal with events. I grew up in a nurturing home where no prejudice was expressed. The world was a place where all sorts of conflicts were told through the tv news and newspapers. I have gone through many bad situations but in the end believe my own happiness is my responsibility. Over and over again a common theme in people who develop angst over dissapointments or abuse fancied or real. Hate has to be taught. People aren’t born with hate. Religion breeds it’s own brand of “haves and have nots.” Some people choose victimhood. Some people’s egos get inflated and some get grandiose. If your never taught that a group is responsible for the world’s problems why you blame a group? A wise old man once told me “I am responsible for my thinking, behavior and my own happiness.” That’s my truth...

Tags