Hi Ken. First, let me say that I had a lot of fun yesterday morning on the show. I've listened to some of the earlier shows as well-- the two of you guys are amazing hosts. You really do a great job.
Anyway, I have a lot of sympathy with what you say in the post. And I agree that if the skeptical arguments trade on knowledge being some very high-powered achievement, then the skeptical arguments are not very interesting. This is especially so if they leave some other sort of epistemic merit intact, and that other sort of merit can do the same jobs we want knowledge to do. But that is where we disagree?I don?t think the skeptical arguments trade on that sort of mistake.
在很大程度上，我关于怀疑论的书是为像你这样的人写的?那些认为怀疑论的观点毫无趣味的人，因为他们依赖于过高的标准或其他一些我们可以轻易地、毫无痛苦地放弃的承诺。当然，有些持怀疑态度的观点是这样的，但我认为最好的观点不是这样的。相反，我认为回答这些问题需要我们说一些相当实质性和有争议的东西。In that sense, taking the arguments seriously drives positive epistemology.
But all this is promises. What are these arguments that are supposed to be so great? I plan to put a couple up in a separate post, as soon as I figure out how to do that. For now, let me point out that the position in your post includes the following commitments.
1) Skeptical arguments against the possibility of knowledge are probably unanswerable. But
2) This is not interesting or important.
But these commitments seem incompatible with a third that is highly plausible and (arguably) bound up with our very concept of knowledge:
3) Knowledge is important and valuable.
There is a lot of recent literature on the value of knowledge and the importance of our concept of knowledge. These includes important roles in the norms of assertion and the norms of practical reasoning, as well as in information identification and information sharing. Plausibly, the importance and value of knowledge is tied to the importance and value of these ordinary practices.

Hi John:
First, thanks for being on the show. Second, thanks for your remarks on my post. Third, thanks for your willingness to post your own thoughts, which I look forward to.
I didn't really spell out fully my reasons for thinking that sceptical arguments are less compelling when we're only talking about reasons for belief rather than knowledge. My rough thought, which I didn't make clear enough, was that reasons for belief can be comparative. Suppose I have two alternatives: P or Q. And suppose I don't have enough evidence to decisively settle which of P or Q is true. If I believe P or believe Q on the basis of such evidence, then my belief will fall short of knowledge. But it doesn't follow that my belief -- whichever alternative I believe -- will ipso facto be unwarranted. Because perhaps the preponderance of the evidence and/or arguments and/or epistemic policies -- like believe the simpler, more conservative -- weighs in favor of one or the other.
Okay, so the (knowledge) sceptic comes along and says, for any putative proposition that you think you KNOW, I can show you that there is an alternative proposition that you can't rule out.
I say even if I grant you that I can't rule it out and don't really know. It doesn't follow that there can be no preponderance of the evidence in favor of the non-sceptical alternative. And I say, I'm going to go on believing it even if I can't rule out the sceptical alternative. I do allow that I MERELY believe and don't know. But I also insist that I can be rational in believing it, despite the fact that I don't know it. I allow that this is a risky thing to do, since you've shown me that I could be wrong. If I keep on believing in this way I really could simply accummulate more and more errors. But who said that rational believing had to rule out the very possibility that I am accummulating errror?
Of course, the sceptic isn't going to stop there. He's going to try to undermine the very rationality of even believing. He could do that if he could show either that the weight of arguments, evidence, and policies could never favor the non-sceptical alternatives or that we weren't entitled to take any of our putative evidence, arguments or policies as evidence arguments or policies at all.
My only point is is that that is a VERY TALL ORDER and is much much harder than undermining KNOWLEDGE. Arguments of that sort would have to be extremely thoroughgoing, and would have to purport to undermine all possible rational relationship among beliefs, evidence, epistemic policies and the like.
大多数现存的怀疑论观点都无法做到这一点——尽管你说得对，确实有这样的观点。
Last quick remark. I don't think that knowledge is as important as you seem to think. I tend to think rational believing does all the real work. Of course, we ultimately want our beliefs to be "stable" under all possible rational pressure. Through rational belief formation, that is, we aim to arrive at beliefs that are responsive to all rational pressures and that will remain stable when all rational pressures are in. Maybe a belief that enjoys this kind of responsiveness to reasons and would enjoy this kind of rational stability once all rational pressures were in would deserve to be called knowledge. But whether or not it would seems to me neither here nor there really.

Ken,
Rather than posting a long comment I made a new post under "Two Skeptical Arguments." My thinking is that in these arguments we can replace "knowledge" and the like with "rational belief" and the like. And of course I mean "epistemically rational belief," not "practically rational belief." I don't think the skeptic challenges the practical rationality of believing the appearances.

When the skeptic says that it is possible that
there are other possibilities (that we're brains
in vats, or that an evil demon makes us hallucinate)
--- my response is to say that he is not skeptical
enough---because if we take skepticism to its
ultimate length--then we should be skeptical of
skepticism itself, and our position should rather
be a neutrality concerning any possibility whatsoever--
neither affirming nor doubting. if
we take the skeptical point of view seriously then
surely skepticism must be applied to itself----resulting in not a denial of knowledge but a kind of agnosticism concerning knowledge. After all, to say that as the skeptic does, that sure knowledge is not possible, is a kind of self- contradiction.
The skeptics point of view is that certain things
are possible---being a brain in a vat for
instance--- but to hold this the skeptic it seems
must hold that the belief that certain things are
possible ---is sure knowledge.
So, it seems to me that the only way to avoid self-contradiction is to hold to a kind of neutrality
about whether true knowledge (whatever that may be)
is possible.
但是，当然，如果你认为你知道中立性是正确的观点——好吧，可以说这也是一种肯定的知识，所以也必须予以否认。And so, ultimately,
the skeptic view seems to lead to an infinite regression wherein the truth of all statements must be
denied in order for the skeptic to remain
consistent.
In the end, however, I think that all points of view
from materialism to idealism to skepticism have their good and bad points----compelling in some ways
and not in others.
The view I favor is that all points of view
should be treated as just that--- points of view,
with the belief in the surety of truth or belief in
the impossibility of such truth---being two
观点的例子。
The basic form of language is: X is a Y --
establishing that something is the case. Ultimately, the skeptic cannot deny that she tries to
establish something as the case--- and the believer
in knowledge must admit that people differ as to
what is the case--and that what is the case will
change in some way, and the relativist must admit
that in order to say that truth is relative she
must admit that relativity is the case---and that
这至少不是相对的。The nature of
language forces us to affirm even if we want to
deny the possiblity of affirming;
The use of language can involve us in difficulties that are typified by the statement: "I deny that
anything is true at all".
Maybe the proper position for the philosopher is
把任何观点看成一个数学公理或一个新的数学实体;explore the thing with the aim of revealing
its properties rather than trying to establish its
truth or falsity. People do think something is the case. And what is the case or not the case---does change.
And that is the truth--- or maybe not.
thanks for philosophy talk---