Freedom, Blame, and Resentment

16 October 2014

Our topic this week is a threesome. We’re going to talk about freedom, blame, and resentment. You might not think that those three are obviously connected, but I hope to convince you that they are. Let’s start with the middle term of our threesome – blame. We blame people when they do bad things. Blame often leads to or is accompanied by resentment, especially when we are directly and personally harmed by another person. For example, some reckless jerk is darting in and out of traffic. He cuts me off, causing my car to spin out of control. Everybody is likely to blame him for being so reckless. Blame isn’t necessarily a personal thing. But as the directly harmed party, I am also liable to feel something more personal -- an intense and visceral resentment toward him.

Now here’s the connection to freedom. We blame and resent people for the things for which they are responsible. And we think people are responsible for what they freely do. So by looking at when blame and resentment are called for and when they are not, maybe we can learn something about freedom.

当然,这里我们要小心。指责有两种不同的意义——非道德意义和道德意义。其中只有一个与自由甚至怨恨有关。在非道德意义上,说一件事应该为另一件事负责只是说这件事导致了另一件事。在这个意义上,指责适用于所有的事情和事件——无论是人类还是非人类。例如,在这个意义上,我们可以说肥胖的增加是2型糖尿病日益流行的原因。或者在几乎相同的意义上,我可能会怪我的狗打翻了花盆。

I hope it is clear that this non-moral sense of blame really has nothing to do with freedom. But it also doesn’t have anything to do with resentment, either. I may beupsetat my sweet, but rambunctious doggie for knocking over the flowerpot – yet again – but I don’tresenther. She’s just not the kind of creature that it’s appropriate to resent. Moral blame and personal resentment are reserved for special kinds of actions performed by special kinds of creatures.

So here’s a natural thought. How about we compare the dog to the jerk to see if we can isolate the difference between the two that makes it appropriate to resentthe one but not the other?

现在一些哲学家,可能还有很多基督教神学家,会认为这很容易。他们会说这归结为形而上学上的自由行为和因果决定行为之间的区别。他们会说,那个混蛋做的事是自由的。也就是说,他并不是故意要这么做的。他本可以做得更好。所以我们都认为他有道德责任。这也是为什么我,作为受害的一方,憎恨他。相比之下,狗不会选择。她只是行为。她的行为方式完全是由她的狗本性决定的。 That’s why I don’t hold her morally responsible and don’t resent her.

但我认为这种方法太形而上学了。混蛋和狗之间的真正区别与哲学家彼得·斯特拉森(Peter Strawson)所称的不相容的恐慌形而上学(这正是我们刚才所考虑的)并无关系。真正的区别在于尊重和不尊重。混蛋。他大概是看到了我和下一辆车之间的距离,考虑了超车和减速的成本和收益,在完全了解这些情况的情况下,还是决定超车。我,我的权利和我的幸福在他的计算中并不重要。换句话说,这个鲁莽的混蛋不尊重我,在他的推理中没有给予我应有的重视。I resent him basically because I’m offended by the attitude toward me that his action expresses.

注意这个混蛋和狗有什么不同。这只狗对我毫无意思。也就是说,她对我既不表示善意也不表示恶意。她可能根本没有能力去考虑我,我的权利和我的幸福。So in knocking over the flower pot, she’s isn’tdisrespectingme in the way the jerk of a driver was, she’s just being her rambunctious doggie self. No point in resenting her for that.

Of course, you could still wonder, I suppose, how this shows that metaphysical question about freedom and determinism are irrelevant to issues about blame and resentment. The way to answer that question is, I think, to think about what wouldexcusethe reckless driver andforestallmy resentment. Excusing the driver has nothing to do with finding out either that determinism is true in general or that his action was determined in this particular case. In other words, it isn't about whether his actions were caused, but about how they were caused. In partticular, it's again all about the character of his will. Suppose he didn’t see me or that he cut me off accidentally or that he was really trying to get out of the way of a rapidly approaching emergency vehicle and cutting in front of me was the only way he could do that. I might be upset, since being cut off is a bad thing. And although heharmedme, it seems incorrect to say that hewrongedme or that hedisrespectedme. And so I shouldn’t resent him. Or so it seems to me.

I’m won’t insist that I’ve said enough to silence the person who thinks the real issue has something to do with the incompatibility between freedom and determinism. But I hope it’s clear that even if we bracket that issue, there is still lots of fascinating stuff to talk about. Here are just a few of the questions I hope we discuss: What exactly are we responding to in another when we either resent or blame them? Whether our actions are free or determined? Or whether they express good will or ill will? Is there more to say about the difference between and creatures who are sometimes appropriate objects of resentment and creatures who are never appropriate objects of resentment? And what about excuses? Is to explain an action ipso fact to excuse it? And if not, what’s the difference between explanations that excuse and those which fail to excuse?

Tune in, write in, join the conversation. You won’t regret it. And I hope you will have no cause to resent us.

Comments(14)


Guest's picture

Guest

Tuesday, May 15, 2012 -- 5:00 PM

Nothing here yet? Maybe the

Nothing here yet? Maybe the trichotomy is too complex for immediate comment. Or, alternatively, the connexion is so obvious and historic that folks already have their own mind-set(s) on the matter, and do not wish to be confused by 'facts'? Or, well, the weather has been nice---people are cooking out, and such like. Hmmmm.

Guest's picture

Guest

Friday, May 18, 2012 -- 5:00 PM

I too have been looking

我也一直期待着大家对这个话题的评论。也许一个出发点是印度教把生活比喻成一场纸牌游戏:你手中的牌是决定论的一部分;怎么玩是自由意志的一部分。(这或许可以解释为什么肯尼·罗杰斯(Kenny Rogers)的《赌徒》(The Gambler)似乎引起了各种各样人的特别共鸣。)物理和生理定律当然会对可能性施加限制,但世界是一个非常复杂的地方。理性地指责已经够难的了;稍加观察就会发现,很多(或许大部分)指责都是完全不理智的。指责受害者,怨恨他们成为受害者,是最受欢迎的社会消遣,因为它使弱势群体摆脱了任何义务或责任。我不知道是谁说过这样的话:我们可以原谅那些伤害过我们的人,却永远无法从内心原谅那些被我们伤害过的人。

Guest's picture

Guest

Friday, May 18, 2012 -- 5:00 PM

So if I forgive the evildoer

So if I forgive the evildoer does that mean I am objectifying/disrespecting another person by saying their acts have no emotional force on me and their reasons for acting can be disregarded?

Harold G. Neuman's picture

Harold G. Neuman

Friday, May 18, 2012 -- 5:00 PM

Freedom. Blame. Resentment.

Freedom. Blame. Resentment. This sounds like a story of my early life and first marriage. We both treasured our freedom---blamed one another for not having a better understanding of expectations upon wedding, and resented the outcome when we split up after a mere one and one-half years of matrimonial hell. But, it was a confusing time---1970 was not the best time to make a life commitment---as if any time ever is. In any case, when we finally split, we never spoke again. Better that, I guess, than suffering through twenty years and one or more children. She lives (if she still does) in Canada. I live in the USA.
We are free of one another . I doubt that she blames me any more than I blame her (though she was the unfaithful one). I resent little about our short, torrid, relationship, other than the short, amoral, self -absorbed man who took advantage of a boss-employee relationship to cheat on his own wife by screwing mine.

MJA's picture

MJA

Sunday, May 20, 2012 -- 5:00 PM

A Resolution

A Resolution
When One finds the flaw of mankind is his uncertain measure of nature,
And removes it from One's life,
Blame and resentment are removed too,
And One becomes true.
Life without measure is
Equal or free
As is One
As is All.
=

MJA's picture

MJA

Tuesday, May 22, 2012 -- 5:00 PM

Freedom is equality,

Freedom is equality,
It exist truly and absolutely in a place called the infinite Universe.
只要去掉测量的不确定性或缺陷,它就可以被发现、看到和存在。
Life with out measure is free.
Man is the measure of all things as an old Greek once said.
But it doesn't have to be.
Try it and see!
Justice, liberty, Oneness, Unity, Truth, is right here, right now,
And best of All, its free.
=
MJA

Guest's picture

Guest

Tuesday, May 22, 2012 -- 5:00 PM

Joan, your question is

琼,你的问题确实切题。在报应正义的冷酷计算中,宽恕和被宽恕的罪恶一样是罪恶。然而,你可以把宽恕理解为你有这样做的自由;虽然,如果邪恶是极端的,行使这种自由可能很难,如果不是不可能。然而,正如我妻子最喜欢的电视布道者所说的那样,怀恨在心就像喝了毒药,然后期待你的敌人死去。毕竟,宽恕主要是关于宽恕者,而不是被宽恕者,不是吗?

Guest's picture

Guest

Friday, May 25, 2012 -- 5:00 PM

We all have heard how Jesus

We all have heard how Jesus
Healed the lame
And made the blind to see
And drove evil demons into swine
And drowned them.
Such were His lesser works.
Nailed to the cross at Calvary
He died faultless, it is said
So even the worst sinner could be free.
In due time even Pontius Pilate
Became a Christian saint
Among the churches of Abyssinia
(So it is says in Collier's encyclopedia.)
How's that for forgiveness?

Guest's picture

Guest

Wednesday, June 6, 2012 -- 5:00 PM

If resentment is based on

If resentment is based on intent, i.e. good will or bad will, then freedom of choice no longer becomes a factor and freedom ceases to be connected in any way to blame and resentment.

Guest's picture

Guest

Saturday, October 18, 2014 -- 5:00 PM

John C. in Berkeley sent the

John C. in Berkeley sent the following questions during today's broadcast:
1. "Jean-Paul Sartre used the term bad faith to describe resentment as the blaming of one's own failure on external factors and therefore denying responsibility for oneself. Maybe Sartre thinks a mature moral being would not succumb to blaming another for the feelings his offense engenders. What about this view?"
2. "Is there a social resentment that grounds denunciation, indignation? Or is resentment a property of individual persons?"

rholway's picture

rholway

Tuesday, October 21, 2014 -- 5:00 PM

I still hope to find to

I still hope to find to engage with this in detail. In the meantime I want to address the question of whether we are "naturally programmed to feel resentment." The evolutionary psychology I use in my recent book Becoming Achilles suggests perhaps so, but martial cultures can ratchet up that propensity to produce fierce warriors like Achilles, whom his friend Patroklos calls a dangerous man, who is liable to blame even one who is not responsible (aitios) for wrongdoing. .

Gary M Washburn's picture

Gary M Washburn

Wednesday, October 22, 2014 -- 5:00 PM

Having read (part of) the set

Having read (part of) the set-up for this thread I'm feeling not a little resentful at some remarks I once endured about my typos! Righteous indignation is all too easily deflected as resentment. The term is preloaded with pernicious, and usually malicious, intent, especially when used philosophically, and always when used politically. And as for compatiblism, what a fraud that is! Time is no more compatible with determinism than is freedom. 'If..., then' is a logical cul-de-sac. If there is any if about it there ain't no if about it, and if there ain't no if about it it's all pretty iffy! It's mug's game! The concept of the subjunctive, logic in any real sense, militates against determinism as a hermetic limit to time and act.

Truman Chen's picture

Truman Chen

Wednesday, October 29, 2014 -- 5:00 PM

Well put! I'd like to put

Well put! I'd like to put forward the idea that the mainstream connection between freedom and moral culpability is a useless one in our daily lives. I think the traditional problem of free will is invoked in two general situations: (1) decision-making and (2) justice.
In the first case, I think it would be salient to remember Sartre's famous story of the young Frenchman trying to decide whether he should join the French war-effort to avenge his brother's death and leave behind his mother who wants her son to be around to take care of her, or stay at home to take care of his mother and leave his brother unavenged. I think it would be rather amusing if someone were to come to this Frenchman and tell him that the traditional problem of free will has been resolved. To understand the irrelevance of this metaphysical discovery, we can analyze the two different possible conclusions. Case 1: we are truly free, and so the Frenchman is free and has complete responsibility over his decision. Okay, he still feels the weight of responsibility and indecision. In addition, he still feels some fear of future blame (self-blame if he makes the wrong decision or blame coming from his mother). Case 2: we are determined, and so our sense of freedom is but an illusion. However, we still retain this sense of freedom and hence responsibility. After this, Case 2 is equivalent to Case 1. Therefore, we see that however the debate on free will and determinism turns out, the Frenchman is helpless in his decision-making process. Metaphysics is not relevant in making your life choices (at least in this sense).
In the second case of Justice, we often hear of the case of the criminal trying to absolve himself of guilt by pleading psychological problems or something of the sort. I am inclined to argue that, just as it was with the Frenchman, this retroactive invocation of the problem of free will is also entirely irrelevant to our daily conception of justice and punishment. Similarly, lets speak in terms of two cases. Case 1: the criminal was free and "could have done otherwise". However, does this immediately imply that he should be punished either by imprisonment or capital punishment? I am inclined to say no. On my own non-metaphysical grounds, I think a deeper analysis of the assumptions underlying our intuitive support of imprisonment and capital punishment is necessary, and I think rehabilitation is the better alternative, although it can admittedly be improved on. Case 2: the criminal was determined and could not have acted otherwise. Okay, now most of us would agree that we should not morally condemn or punish someone who did something that he was not in control of. This is the condition of control, which can be found at least as early as Kant, if not in our common sense far before Kant. So it seems that imprisonment or capital punishment is unreasonable and psychological rehabilitation would be the more reasonable option. Here again we end up with the conclusion of rehabilitation. The problem is that rehabilitation is not as developed as it could be, especially since we currently do not think of criminals as people that need help more than harsh punishment. Thus, it seems that our very assertion on the connection between our mainstream understanding of freedom and responsibility is misleading us to the wrong societal conclusions. Not only is it bad metaphysics, it's bad assumptions leading to a bad application of philosophy.

Guest's picture

Guest

Thursday, October 30, 2014 -- 5:00 PM

The degrees of similarity

The degrees of similarity does play a part. I think a mathematician could assist in this problem.
Freedom to act does naturally include all outcomes that are physically possible, and those are reinforced by physical contexts, and further reinforced and further reinforced, until common problems represent a statistical situation. To blame is an aspect of communication. One may communicate within himself and then behave with the thoughts of his inner communication right in the brain that can run the body or hallucinate.... There is a difference between origin and subsequent "origins". To say, we are simply alive, and of all the things to happen in the car:
为什么我不准备承担离我前面的车辆两秒的法律责任?(回答个人问题)因为这是我的责任,而且,我现在意识到我可能会因为我后面司机的任何行为而受到责备,无论我是否同意。
怨恨表明一个人觉得自己有权利。我不确定这是乌托邦式的,还是暗示了其他的东西。我经历过怨恨,并积极地口头表达它,这将引起我的环境,引起我的注意,需要给予洞察或输入或道歉,并解决我有任何问题。我本可以依靠宗教,理性或法庭法官。但情绪的表达确实会让别人和自己做出判断,或者在理性和有目的的背景下进行考虑,通常不会遇到直接的表达或定义,因为它是无聊或不必要的。它让其他人知道这可能发生在他们身上,他们在乎吗?
自由永远不会被组件所利用。例如,在大多数情况下,人是组件。自由是任意的,人们常常要求自由;组件使用自由并表达它的功能。怨恨是一种导致行动的感觉,没错。怨恨是个人的,不是一件事,而是一段历史。责备是安全而健康的,因为它能让人积极地关注环境,并让人以我已经描述过的方式玩转自由。“To blame”确实利用了环境,并在组件中添加了背景和现实,但这是基于我们喜欢的内容,通常是我们喜欢的“美丽”或“有趣”,这并不是我们所要求的。当我们责备或变得愤懑时,我们正在积极地呼吁我们的环境以任何程度的明目张口地承认这一点。它将会或应该引起人们的注意,无论运用何种想象力,因果和结局之间的界限都可以画出来。

He cut you off and my cat peed, if front of me, on something, sure, but in my room. He's been quite cozy in there and has seen me flick ashes right on the floor, and I also thought it proper to leave a hair ball that he coughed up halfway onto an envelope, to show him that his dirt is not dirtier than my dirt, and he started at that hairball and slept next to it, as if he loved it being there. So I Lysoled the shit out of the pee that had gotten on the floor, for having been curious why he was sitting so casually on my bag; and told him not to pee there, and covered the spot with a shirt, to signify that some cat harming chemical was a bit too accessible to the very cat that was the reason that Lysol was sprayed. But I treat my cat like a sentient being at all. So. I'm going to move the litter box. My fault for all the reasons it is, and to meet those reasons with my actions does effectively solve some problems I had had. It doesn't remove the origin, and that would be a terrible problem to have.