The Extended Mind

15 April 2011

Our topic this week is The Extended Mind Hypothesis. If you haven’t followed certain literature, you might be puzzled by today’s topic – especially if you just go on the meanings of the individual words involved. Most people are pretty clear what the mind is. It’s the seat of thought, consciousness, emotion… Stuff like that. And we know what it means to say something is extended – it’s stretched out through space or maybe over time. But I don’ think it is obvious what it means when we combine these two things, and say the mind is extended.

Descartes, for example, distinguished what he calledthinkingsubstance –the mind -- from what he calledextended物质——占据空间的物质物体。所以你可以把心灵是"外延的"这一说法理解为对笛卡尔二元论的否定,这一说法与笛卡尔相反,认为心灵终究占据了空间。当然,这个话题到现在已经被打得死死的了。另外,即使我们承认大脑占据了空间,这仍然是一个大问题。Justwhere心灵在太空中?

You might think that there’s an easy answer to that question, especially if you are a thoroughly modern materialist. Materialists think that the mind is simply the brain working and that The brain resides in the skull. Hence the mind resides in the skull. QED.

But friends of the extended mind hypothesis think that this way of looking at the mind entails a kind of vestigial Cartesianism. It construes the mind as a little black box, locked up inside our heads, as something separate and distinct both from the body in which it's contained, and from the environment that surrounds the body. Except for the part where the materialist grants that the mind is a material thing, it remains Cartesian in the sense that it takes the mind to be entirely separate from (the rest of) the body.

I know that’s a pretty big “except.” And maybe it’s even part of common sense to think of the mind as something “contained in” the body, but still separate from it. But it’s just this way of looking at mind that proponents of the extended mind hypothesis wish to question. They take it to be part of the essence of mind to be embodied and situated. The mind, body, and environment are not three separate and distinct things, on this view, but one massively interactive, massively interconnected whole.

怀疑论者可能会说,这是一派胡言。考虑下面的类比。我住在一栋房子里。没有它怎么能活得这么好。但这并没有让我和我的房子成为一个大规模互动和相互关联的整体。

But maybe a little experiment will help you skeptics out there get force of the claim. Probably there’s an object you can reach out for an grab while you are reading this – maybe a cup of coffee or a bottle of water. So do something for me. Reach for that bottle of water – or whatever it is -- and take it into your hand. I am going to assume that you pulled that off quite effortlessly. Now the reason you were able to do so, is because the human hand is a really cool thing. And I am not just thinking of the opposable thumb, here. Rather, I'm thinking of the collapsibility of the hand. Because of the way the hand naturally collapses, you didn’t have to do a lot of calculating to grab that bottle. You didn’t have to independently calculate the trajectory of each individual finger, for example. All your brain had to calculate was a trajectory that got my hand into the rough vicinity of the bottle and with the right orientation toward it, and from that point on, the hand just sort of took over, by automatically collapsing around the bottle.

The point is that when the body moves, some of the work of making it move is done by that little computer we call a brain and some some of the work is done by the body itself. So If you think of the mind aswhatever最终负责运动,那么你就不能把思想和大脑,和内在的计算机,联系起来。与此同时,把心灵与身体等同起来而忽视内在的计算机也是错误的。这就是行为主义者所做的。这不是非此即彼的事情。当我们谈论心灵时,我们实际上是在谈论脑-体复合物。思想和身体之间没有固定的界限。

如果你沿着这条路走下去,就没有任何理由在身体的边界上停下来。对于认知的本质来说,环境的结构至少和身体一样重要。想想外部记忆辅助工具,比如我可爱的小iPhone,它有同步日历。科技使我们能够把在早期大脑必须完全独立完成的认知任务转移到环境中去。现代科技拓展了我们的思维,将思维延伸到整个世界。

现在我们已经对扩展思维假说有了一些感觉,我希望你们会同意这将是一个值得思考的有趣话题。我们有一位非常有趣的嘉宾来帮我们思考。We’ve extended our collective mind to include George Lakoff, co-author ofPhilosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and Its Challenge to Western Thought.

Comments(9)


Guest's picture

Guest

Saturday, April 16, 2011 -- 5:00 PM

USE OF THE DUALITY There are so many rational a

USE OF THE DUALITY
There are so many rational and descriptive difficulties with the ?mind/body duality,? as illustrated by the conceptual conundrums complained about by the guys and the guest on today?s show.
But many of these difficulties and rational dead ends can be cured by considering those same issues as ?consciousness/matter duality? questions. Try it with ?color,? for instance ? suggested on the show: atomic explosions on the sun send out particles (or waves) called light, which bounce off objects on earth. They are broken up by the bounce off the objects into particles with a revised wave frequency, which then land on eye parts, setting off a discrete transmission of impulses through neural tubes, to the brain, WHERE, its physical travel over, all kinds of consciousness stuff takes place (comparison, history, ?putting two and two together,? ?seeing? ?it as? color, etc.). As the guest correctly stated, and I have pointed out here before, ?color? doesn?t really ?exist? (in a material sense); everything is actually dark; things are just bouncing off each other, making waves.

Guest's picture

Guest

Saturday, April 16, 2011 -- 5:00 PM

Upon reading this post, I decided to wait a bit be

Upon reading this post, I decided to wait a bit before weighing in. I wanted to think about the notion of extended mind(s). Maybe something would come to me, or perhaps, I would come to something...
I do not know how extensive the mind may be. But, I got to thinking about the Richard Dawkins books, THE SELFISH GENE and THE EXTENDED PHENOTYPE. Something came to me. I won't try to explain genotypes and phenotypes---Dawkins is the storyteller, not me. But if a phenotype describes a trait, different from genetic transfer, then the notion of extended mind may have found a home.
前人类时期(无论何时)从扩展的正念中获益(或受损)的可能性似乎非常小。不,如果道金斯是对的,如果扩展的表型来自于智慧文化的长远观点——我听说这被称为OEOs——那么扩展的思维是表型的,也是我们进化发展的另一个例子。道金斯和斯蒂芬·杰伊·古尔德都是对的,但谁也不想向对方承认。这不就是科学家的作风吗?
Inasmuch as I do not have a pipeline to Professor Dawkins, I do not know what he might say about my musings. No matter, though. We are all acolytes, one way or another.

Guest's picture

Guest

Sunday, April 17, 2011 -- 5:00 PM

It seems like Savinar and the Carpenter are on sim

It seems like Savinar and the Carpenter are on similar wave lengths. Dualism and duality(ies) have troubled philosophers for a long time. Even before Descarte. And that, in human years, is a long time. Certainly there have always been matters physical (trees, turtles,tornados (or is that oEs---I can never remember); and souls, spirits and spectres...those ethereal phenomena that we postulate but cannot slap the cuffs on. Perhaps we need to lighten up and think about Graham Martin's take on things. Does it matter?
When I read his book, I thought: what an empirical old
wafer. Then it hit me: being an empiricist is not so bad. Others have survived worse characterizations. Most successfully. Cudos to Mr. Savinar, et. al. And I doff my beret to Descartes; tip my bowler to Martin and thank evolution for the privilege of having lived as a human being. To Messrs. Taylor and Perry: you guys are pretty saavy. Keep it rolling. And have some fun, too.
可能。

Guest's picture

Guest

Saturday, April 23, 2011 -- 5:00 PM

The problem is division, The solution is unity,

The problem is division,
The solution is unity,
The equation is =,
The lion is One.
=
MJA

Guest's picture

Guest

Sunday, April 24, 2011 -- 5:00 PM

As a Christian believer, but also a philosopher, I

As a Christian believer, but also a philosopher, I agree with the above mentioned theories, but I would like also to give my personal opinion. Since I believe in creation, I think the mind is controled by the soul, so as long as we are alive, body and sould are tied, glued together. After death, the soul goes to whatever place we call heaven, purgatory or somewhere in space, and the body, the flesh remains in this planet, so the body corrupts into the grave or is burnt to ashes in the crematory.

Harold G. Neuman's picture

Harold G. Neuman

Monday, May 2, 2011 -- 5:00 PM

Oh, mama, can this really be the end? To be stuck

Oh, mama, can this really be the end? To be stuck inside of Mobile with the Memphis blues again*.
I have always loved Bob Dylan. He uses metaphor to slap us up-side-the-head. We may not have always known what he was saying, but we always knew what he meant.
(* Blonde on Blonde, Columbia Records---a long time ago.)

Harold G. Neuman's picture

Harold G. Neuman

Wednesday, May 4, 2011 -- 5:00 PM

Huh? Christian believers tend to dogmatism: one wa

Huh? Christian believers tend to dogmatism: one way up; our way---or the highway (down). Come to that, theosophy and philosophy are pretty antithetical to one another. Pere Teilhard du Chardin tried to tie the two together. He failed because there are different forces; different rationales, behind the disciplines. Philosophy questions, theorizes and postulates truths about who and what we are. Theosophy says: We are who we are because it has already been written. How can we have it both ways? No one has solved that yet. Let me know when this changes, please?

Guest's picture

Guest

Tuesday, May 10, 2011 -- 5:00 PM

This idea of the extended mind is much easier for

This idea of the extended mind is much easier for me to think of simply as belief in the soul. The idea that "I" am a seperate entity from this physical body. As much as I would like to believe in the souls existence, after classes in psychology and nuero-science, I am convinced otherwise. "I" am just a thought, and a thought is nothing more then the process of chemical reactions within the nueral network.

Guest's picture

Guest

Monday, May 16, 2011 -- 5:00 PM

The lion rests upon the elephant who rests upon tu

狮子靠在大象身上,大象靠在乌龟身上——一直下去。底部的那只乌龟一定有一个坚不可摧的强大外壳。但是——这只是一个公案——一种佛教的伎俩,向我们展示存在的短暂和我们对任何事情的看法的微不足道。谁知道呢。如果佛教更有吸引力,我们可能永远不会有火药,更不用说核能了。然而,说到这一点,我们可能永远不会从那里走到这里。我们只有在自己认为有目的的情况下才有目的。如果生命有意义,那就是生命。
说句轻松点的话,如果基督教徒和穆斯林之间不那么仇恨和竞争,他们也许能够真正地共存。关于年龄的智慧有很多可说的。但这不是我说的。骆驼睡觉。