Inside Money: The Shadow Banking System
Guest Contributor

28 March 2009

Posted byAlex Gould

Hi Everyone,

Thanks again to John and Ken for having me on the show today and to the whole team (Ben, Devon, Daniel, et. al.) for their organization and professionalism.

MAJOR NOTE: I am an Instructor in the Department of Economics at Stanford University, NOT at the GSB (Graduate School of Business) at Stanford. Given the flow of the show, I didn't feel that it was appropriate to make the correction on the air as it would have been disruptive. BUT, I am making it now. :)

I'm sorry we only had part of an hour to talk about the mysteries of money. There was obviously a lot more we all wanted to cover. I have gotten several e-mails from folks already asking me about my opinions of the stimulus package and also three separate messages asking me to clarify my remarks about how banks can simply create money. I wrote a long response to each, and also suggested an interesting video that was sent to me early this afternoon about the same subject. I will reproduce my own explanation and also provide the link as well. If you did not understand my (too brief) explanation on the radio and response to the caller, do not despair. Following what really happens with a fractional reserve/shadow banking system is not easy until you really get into it and also suspend a bit of reality... :)
So here you go:
The best way to think about it all is this...

The Federal Reserve controls what is known as "high powered money" or the monetary base. This is total outstanding currency (notes and coins) and reserves (bank reserves) in the system.

However, this is NOT the money SUPPLY. Basic money supply (currency plus deposits) is partly a function of the monetary base, but it is also a function of the checkable deposits that banks create. Although there are many definitions of money supply depending on how liquid you want it to be, this should give you some idea.

例如,当一家银行收到一笔存款,并保留一部分作为准备金,把剩下的部分贷出去,它仍然在任何时候对储户的存款负责,即使其中很大一部分已经贷出去了。比如说,A在银行1存入了100万美元,银行拿出其中的一部分,向同一家银行的B提供了90万美元的抵押贷款,并保留了10%作为准备金(这个百分比实际上可能很高)。B人签署了一份贷款文件,同意偿还90万美元外加银行利息,并以他们的新家作为抵押。银行把90万美元存入B的账户,B从C那里买了房子然后90万美元最终会进入卖家C的银行账户,比如银行2。

So what has happened here? Bank 1 is still on the hook for $1,000,000 of deposits to Person A even though $900,000 of the dollars have disappeared from that bank and is elsewhere in the system. Person B is on the hook to Bank 1 for $900,000 plus interest for the mortgage they owe. And now Bank 2 has $900,000 of deposits of which it can create $810,000 of new loans and the process goes on.

So, no HIGH POWERED money has been created by running the printing presses or by the Fed crediting banks reserve accounts. However, money in the form of checkable deposits (i.e. banks' extending loans and funding those loans by crediting the accounts of the loan recipients) HAS been created and it is a form of leverage (i.e. debt.) And it continues through the system as banks create loans based on deposits. Remember that checkable deposits are part of the money supply, and it is money that people spend, so it is also money. And the government lets the banking system do this!!!

我希望这能有所帮助。今天下午也有人给我发了一个关于金钱的有趣视频的链接,可能对你们所有人都有帮助——我很快地看了它,但它似乎很好地涵盖了基本原理,并提出了一些很棒的问题,尽管肯定还有很多要说的。See what you think:

http://www.michaeljournal.org/myth.htm

http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-9050474362583451279

Please do not hesitate to ask if you have more questions... this is not easy stuff but once you begin to grasp the fundamentals, you can ask the harder questions about how our financial system and economy operate and the direction(s) in which we could go next.

All the best,
Alex

Comments(9)


Guest's picture

Guest

Saturday, March 28, 2009 -- 5:00 PM

Hmm, I don't live in SF, so I will tune in when it

Hmm, I don't live in SF, so I will tune in when it gets uploaded on the past programs.
Well, I don't know what was talked about and what wasn't, so if I repeat things...sorry.
Well, I like to think back to the story about the island of Locche(sp?). On this island, it was agreed upon that all the giant boulders will be the currency. So when one family sells the house to another, the ownership of the boulders simply go to the other family. Then one day, a man decided that he wants to move the boulder to his own resident. He loaded the boulders onto a ship. Unfortunately, the ship and the boulder sunk down to the bottom of the sea along the way.
is the money lost? No! The boulder is still there, at the bottom of the sea. It still represents value, it is just that we don't see it.
Similarly, the US currency behaves the same way (since we left the gold standard). The currency, or money, are simply agreed upon boulders that we trade with. Even if the currency aren't visible (ie maybe in the bank), we can still trade it.
The financial crisis is cause, among many other reasons, a misinformation. One day, the man accidently wrote down that he has 2x more boulders than reality. In short, he just created values. Eventually, someone will figure it out...and there goes a boom in the economy. Hope that helps.
---------------------------------
Here is my philosophical question. I feel that the phrase, money makes the world go round, is inherently wrong. Let us imagine that tomorrow morning, all of the dimes became stone x. After some brief panic, we finally calmed down and conclude that although it is not a dime, we can substitute it as a dime. over time, this stone x becomes the new representative for dimes.
Then this shows that money isn't really concrete. How can something non-concrete make the world go round? It must be something that money represent that makes the world go round rather the physical thing we call money.
我认为是人类的贪婪和欲望使世界运转。只是我们人类通过我们称之为金钱的媒介表现出贪婪和欲望。Then my question becomes:
Even in a world without money, with unlimited resources (which is inherently contradictory to economics), will there still be greed?
In physics, there is a concept where essentially the power to create anything out of its fundamental particles. If we ever harness such ability/technology, then we can create a jean at our will (or anything we desire). There is almost an unlimited amount of fundamental particles..and it's recycled into the universe (conserved). In this world, is there no greed?
Ben Zheng
Note: I apologize for my grammar and lack of formal structure. Please excuse the HS student. X_X

Guest's picture

Guest

Monday, March 30, 2009 -- 5:00 PM

伟大的表演。非常有益的。And I agree with the

伟大的表演。非常有益的。我同意客人的看法,一个小时太短了!
Of course, after listening I kept mulling the banks, the bailouts, and the stimulus package and oddly enough settled on the notion of philosophy and infrastructure.
This wasn't entirely a left hand turn for me, for as an independent business journalist living in Charleston, South Carolina, I've written a great deal on ports, international trade, supply chain issues and the vast improvements we need to make to the nation's (and world's)infrastructure to enhance trade efficiencies.
All of which is a long way to say, has infrastructure and its uses and misuses been the subject of philosophical inquiry in the past (I don't know of any direct examples), and also are there philosophical "schools of thought" or approaches, you'd like to see considered as proposals for major infrastructure projects go forward.
A little off thetopic of the program itself, but it's what I was thinking about immedidately afterwards.
Dan

Guest's picture

Guest

Monday, July 27, 2009 -- 5:00 PM

Our monetary system is based on debt. Alex demons

Our monetary system is based on debt. Alex demonstrated this with the example of how banks extend credit, by maintaining a mere 10% of our savings funds in the bank. The vast majority of the money in our society is created in this way, and because of this, banks hold all the cards to fueling our economy. Their decisions, on to whom and on what conditions to lend money, determines our economy, ultimately determining whether money is spent on schools or on skyscrapers, on healthcare for botox treatements and viagra and balding old guys or to cure malaria and TB and AIDS. Our monetary system is sick and corrupted and needs reform. The FED needs to be nationalized. Banks should not be allowed to play the stockmarket and neither should our retirement funds.
这个网站是一个很好的信息来源,我强烈推荐它。
www.monetary.org

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