Philosophy for the Young: Corrupting or Empowering?

02 September 2010

我们本周的话题是:年轻人的哲学——腐败……还是赋权?我们在加州帕洛阿尔托高中的一群学生面前问了这个问题。去年5月,我们应一位名叫露西·菲尔普(Lucy Filppu)的老师的邀请,在那里录制了这期节目。她是一名经过培训的英语老师,教授一门特殊的人文课程。我们玩得很开心,我们非常感谢Paly的学生和老师,因为它被亲切地称为,邀请我们。我们想找个时间回去。

Now the charge that philosophy actually corrupts the young is nearly a old as philosophy itself. Over 2,400 years ago, in one of the most famous trials of all times, Socrates, one the founding fathers of Philosophy, was condemned to death for corrupting the youth of Athens. Now I have no doubt the young men who followed Socrates all around Athens being tutored by him were royal pains for the authorities. But Socrates didn’t corrupt the young; he empowered the young. He empowered them to think for themselves, to question received wisdom, and not to be cowed by authority. No doubt, they made the authorities uncomfortable. But making the authorities uncomfortable isn’t the same as being corrupt.

Of course, the attitude that the wisdom of your elders is something you can take or leave, that no one has authority over you unless you grant them authority – that’s a dangerous attitude for a young person to have. No doubt Socrates instilled that attitude into his young pupils. And you could say that’s a dangerous thing. But it’s more dangerous to those who claim to be authorities than to the young themselves, I would think.

Of course, I don’t want to deny that philosophy has to be used carefully and that it can be dangerous if used wrongly. Done wrongly, philosophy can be highly corrosive to one’s life. It can lead you to doubt everything. It can cause you wonder whether life has meaning, to question your religion, your country, your parents, and even your teachers. Do we really want to cast the young out onto the sea of philosophical doubt and uncertainty? Don’t we want to teach them to how to thrive and succeed in the world? To do that, they sometimes have to accommodate authority, not question it or reflexively rebel against it.

Of course, we really shouldn’t be promoting reflexive rebellion against all authority, just because it’s authority. But that sort of rebellion wouldn’t display a philosophical attitude; it displays an adolescent attitude, and an arrogant one at that. Philosophy isn’t about intellectual arrogance; it’s about intellectual honesty and humility. Philosophy demands that you subject not just the beliefs and prejudices of others, but also your own beliefs and prejudices, to the light of critical reflection.

Socrates himself actually exemplified that kind of intellectual humility in fact. He was a seeker of knowledge, wisdom and enlightenment. He didn’t claim to possess them already. Of course, there’s the paradox that his intellectual humility actually made Socrates the wisest man in Athens, according to the Oracle at Delphi. He didn’t know anything, but unlike all the other supposed wise men of Athens, he knew that he didn’t know anything. They, on the other hand, thought they knew it all, but actually knew nothing.

Though our schools don’t, in general, do much teaching of philosophy to the young, it seems to me that the young are natural philosophers. Given where they are in their lives, the young are bound to be gripped by philosophical questions. Young people are in the business of trying to figure out who and what they are. Philosophy is devoted to answering just the sorts of questions that will grip any reflective human engaged in such a process: “Who am I?” “What's right, and what's wrong?” “What things are worthy of my deepest allegiances and affections?” “What is my place in the social world?

Moreover, we adults sometimes pretend, like the supposed wise men of Athens, that we have all that answers and that all the young need to do is listen, learn and obey. But by the time they're in their mid-teens, they see through that pretense. Young people are going to experiment with philosophizing. We just have to live with that fact. I certainly did when I was young. And I have no doubt that many of you who are reading this did it when you were young too. Since it wouldn’t do us a bit of good to avert our eyes and pretend that it isn’t happening, it’s our job as the older, wiser, more experienced ones to make sure they do it safely.

What better, safer way for the young to philosophize than out in the open, on the radio, in the company of a couple of experienced practitioners like John and me? But we also wanted someone younger and cooler to help us out, someone with more experience speaking directly to the young. So to help us out we invited someone who fits that bill exactly -- Jack Bowen, author of the best-selling novelThe Dreamweaver,他还教高中生哲学。

这是有趣的时间。希望你能倾听。

Comments(11)


Guest's picture

Guest

Friday, September 3, 2010 -- 5:00 PM

Since about age 12 I have considered myself a "phi

大约从12岁开始,我就认为自己是一个“哲学家”,这让成年人普遍感到愤怒(你可以随意解释“哲学家”周围的名言)。同龄人对此完全没有意见,而且常常对此很感兴趣。令人着迷的是,许多现在的想法和观点可以追溯到那个时代。奇怪的是,我后来的科学生涯就由此而生。
I was a voracious reader, but missed out on valuable other exposure -- such as "Philosophy Talk" which was unfortunately lacking back in those old days!

Guest's picture

Guest

Saturday, September 4, 2010 -- 5:00 PM

I would strongly encourage philosophy courses at m

I would strongly encourage philosophy courses at multiple points over the course of an education. I would just as strongly encourage psychology education for every young person.
德尔菲神谕神庙的铭文是“认识你自己”。这总结了很多古代哲学,也是心理学的使命。
Both promote critical thinking skills.
如果我必须在哲学和心理学之间做出选择,我想我会选择后者,如果后者有助于让年轻人了解为什么人们会有这样的感觉和行为,以及认知偏见的有害影响。
Poor Richard
Poor Richard's Almanack 2010

Guest's picture

Guest

Sunday, September 5, 2010 -- 5:00 PM

As a contractor, ethics constantly come into play

As a contractor, ethics constantly come into play in my job as owner of the company. It would be very easy to not do things right and cover them up. As a responsible person, and contractor, I believe that doing the right thing is the right thing. athttp://www.dreamworksremodeling.com这是我们承包工作的唯一方式。我们也使用了学校教给我们的大部分技能,包括几何,当然还有英语(我的弱项)。
Les

Guest's picture

Guest

Monday, September 6, 2010 -- 5:00 PM

To your quote: "Of course, I don?t want to deny

To your quote: "Of course, I don?t want to deny that philosophy has to be used carefully and that it can be dangerous if used wrongly. Done wrongly, philosophy can be highly corrosive to one?s life. It can lead you to doubt everything. It can cause you wonder whether life has meaning, to question your religion, your country, your parents, and even your teachers."
Umm, yeah! We do want people, young people included, to self examine their religious and patriotic beliefs; as an exercise and because we do not want them to listen to bad arguments for: going to war, making decisions about sex and birth control and many other examples. And I, as a parent, fully want my child to question me if I attempt to lead him astray and into unreason.

Guest's picture

Guest

Monday, September 6, 2010 -- 5:00 PM

What you say: "Done wrongly, philosophy can be hig

What you say: "Done wrongly, philosophy can be highly corrosive to one?s life. It can lead you to doubt everything. It can cause you wonder whether life has meaning, to question your religion, your country, your parents, and even your teachers. Do we really want to cast the young out onto the sea of philosophical doubt and uncertainty? Don?t we want to teach them to how to thrive and succeed in the world? To do that, they sometimes have to accommodate authority, not question it or reflexively rebel against it." I find it the most agreeable part & very conservative at that. Nevertheless, as 'Devil's advocate' (Or Devil advocate) I would say that it is not altogether bad to question life, catholicism, country et al. But KNOW HOW TO QUESTION. That would be the difference between common rebellion & crabby bickering and a philosophical stand. That is, avoid the problems of young (and also problems of older, which are no better): without conformity at any price, without presumptions, without superb pride. Young try to be & think like old and viceversa. The best example is Socrates. People won't burn you if when young you rebel and are against all, because you are young: you are entitled to be mistaken. It is when a serene, calmed but nevertheless reasonable critique is done when they will burn you, be you a child or an old man. Or maybe just give you a treat of a Hemlock cocktail. ¡Good (hem)lock! Life is to ask about things. it is not easy to do, but it doesn´t need to be done unpolitely and gross. Diogenes was a sage IN SPITE of his uncouthness and bad manners. Much I prefer Leibniz, Aquinas, Hume and others. Their humble deaths are an example. Knows to die he who has known to live.

Guest's picture

Guest

Tuesday, September 7, 2010 -- 5:00 PM

Socrates the philosopher was concerned with Tru

Socrates the philosopher was concerned with Truth. Truth implies, like, avoiding falsehoods, explicit or implicit.
Now, Stanford has a reputation for...Nepotism (ie letting students in who are underprepared, but who may have financial or familial connections which ...allow them to be admitted) .
Nepotism involves falsehood (at least implicit), even of an egregious sort (and for that matter, the ancients opposed oligarchy...a classification which Stanford might fall under).
Thus Stanford does not uphold the teachings of Socrates
QED.
:|

Guest's picture

Guest

Tuesday, September 7, 2010 -- 5:00 PM

To Freedom I can see that One day very soon the

To Freedom
我能看到,很快有一天,真理的教训将取代或凌驾于其他一切之上,尤其是那些把我们引入歧途的理论或信仰的不确定的教训。而不是真理给我们指明通往应许之地的路,我们将成为它。
Simply beautifully and truly just One,
=
MJA

Guest's picture

Guest

Saturday, September 18, 2010 -- 5:00 PM

Socrates was executed for corrupting the youth in

Socrates was executed for corrupting the youth in America, youth below college age are usually not exposed to philosophy in the classroom. Is philosophy all that dangerous? Should it be taught to teenagers?

Guest's picture

Guest

Saturday, September 25, 2010 -- 5:00 PM

Regrettably, I have had little interaction with mo

遗憾的是,我很少与现代青年接触,所以我没有能力就让他们接触复杂的哲学的利弊发表太多意见。我只能评论我自己的OEOs,关于我自己的哲学进化。像您的一位或多位评论者一样,我一定很早就把自己想象成一个哲学家。我不知道我对某些事情的想法可能会被归入某个特定的类别。哲学在小学和中学都不教,在大学学习之前也不会被正式提及。
Mostly, my thinking and actions vis-a-vis, right, wrong, good, bad and indifferent got me into trouble, with peers, superiors or both. This happened to anyone who thought and acted differently from the mainstream.
我放弃了很多这种反常的想法和行为,直到最近十年左右才重新接受它。我很高兴这样做,并希望我说的一些话,在现在和进入永恒之间,会有一些相关性。
There is nothing corruptive about philosophical thought and discourse. But it will not buy food or pay the mortgage. And, if history teaches us accurately, it will not save the world from itself. It might encourage some of us to regard others with more respect and compassion. Perhaps this is all it was ever intended to do. If it was intended to do anything at all.

matthew's picture

matthew

Wednesday, August 29, 2012 -- 5:00 PM

Just recently discovered this

Just recently discovered this show driving on HWY 1 and was thrilled. I majored in Philosophy as an undergrad and this question of making philosophical inquiry available in high schools is something I've considered a great deal since graduating. Perhaps the most readily applicable class I took was symbolic logic which offered me a useful structure for analyzing the structure of arguments and assessing their validity in everything from newspaper articles to formal philosophical texts. This knowledge has proven exceptionally valuable both as a support for effective self-reflection and critique of media, politics, cultural values, etc. I am indebted to Prof. Dale "Danger Cat" Jacquette for being a phenomenal teacher and making this knowledge accessible and showing its practical value.
哲学是否冒着太过深入抽象、知性领域的风险,模糊了它在日常生活中的实用价值?当这种情况发生时,学生们就失去了诚实、严谨的探究能力,这种探究能力能够改变他们的想法,进而改变他们的生活体验。这似乎是哲学的关键点——当它被很好地使用时,它可以导致理解的体验,提供真正的、具身的知识,这将改变哲学实践者在世界上看待和行动的方式。
Two challenges to Philosophy in public schools immediately present themselves here:
1) Is it possible to teach such a discipline in a public school where, one might argue, questioning minds are discouraged in favor of grinding out high standardized test scores to help secure school funding, and where teachers may not be prepared to address difficult questions that may have no ready answer and may lead students against the grain of their culture? It would be challenging to quantify the benefits of philosophical training.
2) For all its power, do we have a ready discipline for analyzing WHO is doing the philosophy? I was once asked, after failing to complete the seemingly simple, straightforward task of counting 10 breaths without thinking anything else, what it felt like to know that I was not in control of my own mind. The implications for my philosophical education were significant -- indeed how do I know any philosopher I was studying was in control of his/her mind? For all its power, are we prepared for and capable of addressing the deeper questions of WHO/WHAT engages in philosophical inquiry? If I am not in control of my mind, then what is? How does it shape and inform my philosophical inquiry, the questions I choose, the viewpoint from which I begin? Can we help students navigate these fundamental questions of self and thought?
在我接受的哲学教育中,我几乎没有受到任何实践训练,以便对思想家本身进行真正深入的分析。我把思想家当作哲学的实干家,以一种假定的信念来运作,相信思考本身就能通向真理。后来在大学里,我接触到了一些关于意识的本质和它是如何产生的问题,但这些问题并没有真正让我准备好去研究情绪的本质和运作、习惯性思维模式、知者和被知事物之间可能相互依赖的主客体关系等等。世界卫生组织研究哲学的本质和它是如何运作的——参与哲学探究的工具,智力是什么,它是如何运作的,还有什么在其中?
If this was something we could teach students, that would be potent indeed though I imagine charges of corruption of youth would be waiting under the modern guise of a prohibition against "religious/spiritual" inquiry in secular education. In its most potent and practical form, isn't philosophical inquiry, another method of spiritual inquiry, i.e. the search for Truth, taking the discerning capacity of mind as the tool to excavate whatever truth we can? Do we understand the tool itself and can we teach students to understand this tool and use it effectively and beneficially?

Guest's picture

Guest

Tuesday, September 11, 2012 -- 5:00 PM

Philosophy encompasses many

Philosophy encompasses many subjects. Some of the topics are very relevant to the youth such as logic, ethics, environmental and political philosophy. I believe also that studying the history of philosophy captures the history of ideas and may broaden the horizon of the young and their openness and flexibility.