The Appeal of Authoritarianism

07 October 2019

Why do some people find authoritarian leaders appealing? Why do they sometimes secure vast numbers of votes in democratic countries? These are some of the questions we’re asking in this week’s show.

Authoritarian leaders tend to corrupt the political system, rig the courts, assail the free press, jail their opponents, constrain or close universities, and lie brazenly to their citizens. They pit social groups against one another, depicting some as “real Americans” (say) and others as interlopers and/or exploiters. It’s hard to imagine what any fully rational voter could see in such a leader. Why would anyone rationally choose to vote for someone like that? At the cost of our collective rights and freedoms, and of our cohesion as a society?

一个答案是,威权主义者的支持者实际上并没有做出理性、真实的选择。他们要么是被迫顺从政府(比如在德国,20世纪40年代),要么是被骗了。威权政权展开了大规模的宣传活动,不断妖魔化对手,颂扬伟大领袖无可挑剔的美德和不懈的成功,安抚粉丝群体(也许是受伤了)的自我,煽动偏见的火焰,激起对外部力量的恐惧(总有一群大队等着入侵),并警告危险的“内部敌人”。” (George Orwell described all of this brilliantly in1984.) And unfortunately, propaganda has a way of working.

另一种选择是,非理性至少部分来自内部。也许就像阿多诺和其他人所说的那样,存在一种威权型人格类型。我们中的一些人喜欢民主社会的自由和多样性,因为民主社会使各种不同的生活方式成为可能,各种不同的观点和态度,各种不同的文化汇聚到我们的生活中。这个群体也欢迎(积极的)社会变革,因为禁忌被克服,障碍被解除。第二组人对这种变化和变化漠不关心,没有强烈的感觉。但第三类人在心理上无法忍受。对他们来说,也许这感觉就像混乱;对他们来说,任何事情——甚至是专制——都比这更好。(That’s more or less what the character Socrates says, give or take the psychological language, in book 8 of Plato’sRepublic.)

Maybe the fear, in some cases, goes even deeper than that. There’s a fantastic section ofThe Brothers Karamazovin which Ivan imagines what would have happened if Jesus had returned to earth at the height of the Inquisition. The Grand Inquisitor, he says, would have had Jesus executed, because Jesus’s message of freedom is ruinous. “Nothing has ever been more insupportable for a man and a human society than freedom,” the Grand Inquisitor says. “So long as man remains free he strives for nothing so incessantly and so painfully as to find someone to worship.” I don’t think this is true of everyone—but what if it’s true for some people? And what if their terror of personal freedom, intensified by the vision of unfettered choice presented by the media every day, drives them into the arms of an authoritarian?

So far we have some pretty unimpressive “reasons” for signing up: people are being tricked by propaganda, pushed by their own prejudice, or pulled by their fear of disorder, change, and freedom. We’re left with two remaining possibilities. One is that the voters in question simply have the facts wrong. (Entirely plausible in the era of widely-circulated fake news.) If someone genuinely believed that, say, cats were radioactive, that everyone was lying about them being safe, and that only Pat Smith could save us from them, maybe it would be rational—albeit misguided!—to vote for Pat. (“Fear the cat, vote for Pat.”)

但还有一种更令人不安的可能性。如果部分原因是民主,至少在它目前的普遍化身中,并不像它所吹捧的那样呢?比起为国家做最好的事情,政客们通常更感兴趣的是再次当选;他们经常受到游说团体和富有捐赠者的压力;即使在最好的情况下,民主也只能为社会面临的问题提供妥协的解决方案。

Imagine if you could bring about sensible gun control in the USA—somethingsubstantial majorities want to see—by closing the government for a day. Would you do it? Would you be acting rationally? Would democracy survive?

Comments(10)


Harold G. Neuman's picture

Harold G. Neuman

Monday, October 7, 2019 -- 12:29 PM

A number of years ago, my

A number of years ago, my brother asked me what I thought was the greatest problem facing mankind. I thought about it for all of three minutes and replied: fear. He was, at that time, unconvinced, thinking there were surely greater challenges to be overcome. I do not know what he thinks now---we have not crossed the subject in a dozen years or more. But, my contention stands. Why? Because, throughout the ages of man, fear has been a common denominator, leading to wars and social unrest generally. That people embrace authoritarianism is but a symptom. We are, many of us, willing to sacrifice much to governance which is perceived as strong; governance which will protect us from all the bad people who would take what we have; governance which would save us in spite of ourselves... Fear is ugly, pervasive, and perennial. Always was. Always will be. Trust is hard-won; fickle, and fragile. You see what we are up against here?

davide's picture

davide

Tuesday, October 8, 2019 -- 1:17 PM

Ask JK Rowling for the secret

Ask JK Rowling for the secret to creating an anti-authoritarian polity aka a group of individuals whose hearts and minds have been shown the virtues of tolerant, democratic, in a word anti-authoritarian, values. In all seriousness, the internalized values of key individuals (think whistleblowers) and masses of individuals (think voters) are crucial bulwarks against authoritarianism. I believe that telling good stories, engrossing ones with broadly relevant themes, like the Harry Potter stories, is one highly effective way to impress anti-authoritarian values (and a wariness when confronted with their opposites) on many millions of current and future contributors to open society.

MJA's picture

MJA

Wednesday, October 9, 2019 -- 8:32 PM

I'll go with Democracy isn't

I'll go with Democracy isn't everything it is cracked up to be. That said, what pray tell would make it better? Important question! Wasn't it Thomas Jefferson who said Democracy needed to be in today's terms "rebooted" every ten years? I'd be in favor of that, starting anew.

My biggest issue with our current state of Democracy is why we elect someone to represent us when I would prefer to simply represent myself. Do our elected representatives truly represent us or do they represent the corporations that truly elect them? That's were the campaign money comes from isn't it? Does anyone you know give money to a campaign? And why do we need representation in a world where everyone has instant communication? We all have cell phones, right? Wasn't our existing form of representative government created because there was no distant communication devises invented yet? The only reason! Why can't we vote on everything ourselves? Here are some everyday things we all could vote on and have instant results:
Ban on Assault weapons Yes or No
Universal Healthcare Yes or No
Free Education Yes or No
Go Green and save the planet yes or no
Peace yes or no
Abortion Yes or No
Freedom to choose Yes or No
Would you rather represent yourself? Yes or No
Is it time to reboot?
I think we should all answer these important questions and many others ourselves.
I'm not even telling you which ones to vote for, decide yourselves.
Do we not currently vote away our self-termination, our self-control and give our power, our strength, to people we truly do not even know? How smart is that?
Thanks for the political dialog,
Reboot yes or no

=

RepoMan05's picture

RepoMan05

Friday, October 11, 2019 -- 4:45 AM

"Rebooted" you could still

"Rebooted" you could still take that a couple different ways. The big problem with democracy is that the democrats vote themselves too many freebies and rome collapses. If by democracy being "rebooted" you meant "reset to factory defaults," you might be on to something. What about the democrats rigging the primary's for hillbillary says "democracy"? Its fair to say democracy doesnt work. Too much faith in ad populum fallacy, yasee. Thousands of people can absolutely be wrong. Usually are too.

Groups dont have enough determination to be correct and right. In war, being right is everything. When people cant look the lies right in the eye and not be afraid to see too clearly, mafia runs the show. Mafia doesnt keep their mutts fed either. Honey trapped sure, but not fed. Nancy Pelosi reminds me of Coroline's 'other mother.' At the same time, Rush Limbaugh is clearly her catamite look a like 'other brother'. Guess where the state of the union is at right now? All the way in pope ponzi's dirty pocket.

British loyalist feminists sold themselves(and everyone else) out. Honey trapped mutts.

Extremist dichotomies arent supported by rational people. They're supported by eachother. Thusly, dichotomies are always false dichotomies.
The left and right of our dichotomy are both owned by foreign powers(mainly british and catholic). Left = british catamite scum and mafia(satan). Right = self serving superficial sanctimonious sycophantic pederasts(vatican). Two sides of the same soulless fiat currency.

两党合作的存在只是为了掠夺道德理性的人的应得的东西。

Our form of goverment is not a democracy and it's not a republic either. Its a functional corruption. Its one thats no longer functional either because it engineered its own destruction while no one was paying any meaningful attention.

RepoMan05's picture

RepoMan05

Friday, October 11, 2019 -- 7:42 AM

"Why do some people find

“为什么有些人觉得威权领导人很有吸引力?”

这使他们不必承担责任,因为他们知道酋长是部落的负责人,而让他们感到舒适,因为他们知道为他的位置而战,让他们有机会无视他的统治。它为裙带关系提供了自私和借口的机会。

It's innate.

We're still innately haram based tribalists by nature despite our developed subjective inhumanist idealism. This leaves us only a two dimensional mind and thought process. Adding a third dimension comes from marginalizing further rationalism and rationalists till a fourth dimension of thought results. Complete pariahs, the completley psychotic.

None of which dimension of thought are still expendable without suffering unthinkable loses. They're the funtimentals to many other dimensions of thought. But they are not core.

Anthropomorphized aspectualisations seem even deeper.

RepoMan05's picture

RepoMan05

Friday, October 11, 2019 -- 7:37 AM

Perhaps the topic could be

Perhaps the topic could be reframed as, "the allure of exploitation. "

Harold G. Neuman's picture

Harold G. Neuman

Tuesday, October 15, 2019 -- 12:13 PM

Kudos to RepoMan! And that,

Kudos to RepoMan! And that, my friends, is pretty much what megalomanic authoritarians are all about. Seems to me...

RepoMan05's picture

RepoMan05

Saturday, October 19, 2019 -- 2:35 PM

Doesn't a maniacal

难道一个疯狂的威权主义者不需要既疯狂又专制吗?重要的是要知道,言语实际上没有任何意义。涂鸦和“意义”并不天然地属于彼此。“涂鸦和它们的意义”没有任何意义。没有所有权证明。

Manu Oquendo's picture

Manu Oquendo

Friday, November 15, 2019 -- 11:16 PM

The dynamics of parlamentary

The dynamics of parlamentary or representative democracies create system forces that deterministically drive them to become despotic.

This was the diagnosis of Tocqueville in his "Democracy in America". I suspect that very few people reading this author get to the last 60 or so pages of the book. When this 4th "book" or chapter is published independently of the rest --there is at least one edition in France-- its title is "Le Despotisme Democratique".

后来,在20世纪,一位名叫阿什比的神经学家,发现了我们今天所知的“阿什比定律”。这一法则确立了,当任何系统的复杂性增长时,如果掌权者想要保留权力,它的控制力也必须相应增长。这种控制的增长是非常昂贵的,在很少的选举周期中,那些社会发现控制的成本高于实际生产,整体上进入负回报。对于当权者来说,唯一的出路就是限制自由。

Thanks and Regards

Tim Smith's picture

Tim Smith

Friday, February 25, 2022 -- 8:33 AM

Authoritarianism is an -ism

Authoritarianism is an -ism like all others, and I can't separate it from facts on the ground, history, or economy. Some situations call for this -ism, some call for its abolition. Sometimes it is best to leave authoritarian leaders to their worlds, and most of the time to leave authority to its path leads back to our own door.

这个节目发生在特朗普担任总统期间,它提到了特朗普。现在我们面对的是中国的奥运会,他们没有门票,而西方的收视率,至少是最差的。现在我们面临着乌克兰被民主世界夺走的局面,而现在这场秀传达的信息比三年前要严厉得多。

There is no way to deal with the forces at work in our world other than to gird the consequences of dealing with dictators. There will be a great deal of suffering to right this ship, and it's not human nature to choose suffering over scapegoating. We have too strong an us/them model for dealing with authoritarian regimes in real-time.

Technology and economics might address what politics and philosophy cannot, but not without some sacrifice. We have to find fellowship with the citizens of authoritarian regimes. We need to share learning and technology that allows them to liberate their lives. Allowing Russia and China to own social media, steal technology and wantonly threaten Europe (Ukraine and others) and Southeast Asia (Taiwan and others) will limit us in short order if we don’t take action to stop it now. We need to push technology to everyone and eliminate poverty without scapegoating a them that sooner or later will be an us if we don't push now and with unanimity.

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