量子物理学被许多人认为是科学产生的最强大的预测理论。但是，对于这个理论的含义，并没有所有知识渊博的科学家和哲学家都认同的解释。例如，量子力学没有传达出关于过去、现在和未来之间区别的非常明确的信息。这对我们日常的时空体验有什么启示?John and Ken welcome back Jenann Ismael from the University of Arizona, author ofThe Situated Selfand many essays on the interpretation of quantum mechanics.
This week John and Ken explore the philosophical questions arising from quantum physics. What does it mean to be a wave and a particle at the same time? How can particle at one end of the universe be ‘entangled’ with one at the other end and somehow communicate to it instantaneously? Would do kaleidoscopes have to do with the nature of the universe?
For Jenann Ismael, these aren’t just interesting questions but her life work. She explains why the theoies of Eric Baum have revolutionised the way physicists think about these problems. Instead of accepting that particles can somehow communicate with each other faster than the speed of light, Baum argues that entangled particles are not actually different entities, but simply lower-dimension images of the same higher-dimensional substance. Jenann believes that this theory of ‘Complementarity’ could help explain away the apparent paradoxes that arise with traditional quantum theory, and uses the idea of a multi-dimensional fish tank to prove her point.
另一个被提出的问题是由休·埃弗雷特首先提出的多重世界理论。传统的量子力学规定，一个粒子在被观察到之前没有固定的属性，随后它根据概率随机地设置某些属性。多世界理论提出，对于每一次观测，一个宇宙被创造出来，包含了没有发生的可能性。因此，对于生活中的每一次互动，都有无穷多个宇宙，每个宇宙都基于不同的结果。虽然Jenann不同意这种方法，但她说，它可以很长一段时间来解决传统解释提出的一些问题。
The final section of the program deals with the issue of physics itself. Using philosopher George Berkeley’s ideas on the material world, our philosophers consider to what level modern physics has evolved or devolved into metaphysics, and whether such a transition is good for science. Their conclusions may change the way you view the universe.
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Marcel-Marie LeBel
Sunday, December 23, 2018 -- 7:45 PM
Dark Matter and Dark EnergyDark Matter and Dark Energy
物质是我们与之互动而产生“体验”的东西。本质上，我们的现实是我们所有经历的总和。
在现在的语境中，cause是指某事发生的逻辑原因。因为它是“合乎逻辑的”，所以它通常遵循或者是自发的。那么，“原因”就是一件事情自发发生的逻辑原因。
The universe has existed and evolved for 13.8 By before we showed up to experience it. We require a substance to account for this long existence, as well as a (type of) cause to explain its spontaneous evolution, all before we started making our reality out of it.
The universe obeys the rule of non-contradiction. Its behavior is well described by mathematics which is based on logic. The universe is a logical substantial system.
作为一个逻辑系统，宇宙在最基本的层次上通过简单的逻辑操作运行。这样的实体逻辑系统只允许有一种类型的物质或一种性质。这是因为只有相同性质的元素——相同的物质才能参与逻辑操作。
Since the whole universe is allowed to contain only one type of substance, the Cause has to be some aspect of that single type of substance.
Everything in the universe is made of the same substance which may be found in different forms. For example, a clock must measure Time via a logical operation between the two of them. The clock is obviously a more complex form of the substance. Time is a simpler form of the substance. We will say Time is the name of the substance. In other words, the clock is made of time, but a more complex for of it.
我们知道时间在这里和那里以不同的速度流逝，就像在引力场中一样。这告诉我们，物质“时间”实际上是一个动态过程，其局部演化速率是一个变量。
The substance has a variable. How then is the substance recognized as the same substance in all its different forms. The substance must have a property or “constant” throughout all its different forms.
如果，对于物质A，这个属性的值(想想普朗克h之类的东西)以某种方式从A变成了B，这个属性值为B的物质就变成了另一种物质，因为它与物质A及其宇宙没有逻辑上的操作。那么，属性为B值的物质就属于B宇宙。A宇宙和B宇宙可以重叠，而没有任何逻辑操作发生在两者之间。换句话说，它们彼此之间是不存在的，因为它们彼此之间没有逻辑上的操作。
(Say you have a magic bottle that could contain any substance. You could fill it with substance A. You could also fill it with substance B because to substance B, the bottle is empty since it does not interact logically with a different substance. (Only a bottle of made of substance B could contain the substance B) Of course, one could imagine some sort of such magic bottle at the Big Bang where piles of universes A, B, C, D ... etc. would be filling it for the sake of squeezing as much as possible into the small bottle... Let us imagine something a bit more complicated, like the property is not constant but rather oscillates between values A and B. That substance, in our universe A, would seem to appear and disappear without explanation... Try something, anything and see if it fits the data... )
一个实质性的逻辑系统只允许一种原因。没有简单的逻辑规则来确定这两个原因中哪一个优先。这是唯一一种与时间速率有关的原因，其中一个例子就是重力。
‘ .. A more accurate way of summarizing the lessons of General Relativity is that gravity does not cause time to run differently in different places (e.g., faster far from the earth than near it). Gravity is the unequable flow of time from place to place. It is not that there are two separate phenomena, namely gravity and time and that the one, gravity, affects the other. Rather the theory states that the phenomena we usually ascribe to gravity are actually caused by time’s flowing unequably from place to place... “Bill Unruh arXiv:gr-qc/9312027v2 17 Dec 1993
In conclusion, to me, Dark Matter and Dark Energy could simply be the modern names for the “Substance and Cause” of Ontology or Natural Metaphysics.
(Was also posted somewhere else on philosophytalk.org )