我读过约翰·杜威的一篇文章:信念是个人事务。个人事务是冒险。冒险是，如果你愿意，SHADY。(强调)。他还使用“catholic”(带一个小的“c”)这个词作为形容词。我不熟悉那个词的那种用法。你每天都能学到新东西。有时候，两个新事物…如果你注意听的话。无论如何，就信念而言:它们可能是真的。 But it ain't necessarily so...

If we think about the 'Deweyism' concerning beliefs, we, it seems to me, have to consider beliefs to be less interested in truth, and more interested in interests. Most any belief system one might think of illustrates this, whether it is based on religious or non-religious principles. If I believe in UFOs or moons made of green cheese, I don't have any objective proof to demonstrate the 'truth' that such belief(s) claim to represent. I don't even have to assert their truth if all I want to do is garner a following, be that financially advantageous or no. And so, the question: Should beliefs aim at truth?, is misplaced, at best. Whether or not a set/system of beliefs is about getting at truth misses the point of having that system in the first place. There are all sorts of individuals and groups who would recruit followers to share and support certain beliefs. If these say anything at all about the truth of their enterprises, it is an afterthought, especially where the exchange of financial resources is a primary goal. Show me the money. Or the prestige. Or the limelight glow of public acclaim.

A few days ago, I said I would have something to share regarding pride, hubris and vanity. This seems as good and pertinent a place as any other to offer the following:

骄傲和狂妄在这个家庭中是兄弟姐妹，他们的意义意味着一个比另一个更受欢迎。这是虚幻的:一种基于时刻和环境的想象。VANITY WILL ALL WAYS PLAY US FALSELY, BECAUSE THERE IS NO END GAME WHERE IT MAY DO OTHERWISE.

Your servant, Neuman.

I have already mouthed-off on the truth issue and how it relates (or fail to relate) to belief(s). So, I'll not bore anyone with further harangue on the topic. Rather, I'll try to amuse with a little poem, written recently after thinking long and hard about people people whom I have met and people generally. You see, there are those who take pleasure in irking us---it is a dark place in the psyche of many, although they might heartily deny it as anything more than 'getting even' for all the injustice they have faced and inequities they have experienced. So, here's the verse---in its' poignant brevity:

Where ever you go; whatever you do,
There are dubious idiots who aggravate you.

It follows, of course; as the cart with the horse,
An oblivious few are disgruntled with you

Believe what you wish. We are just "trying to get used to it" (Bob Dylan, from an earlier millennium). Truth is a bit like the difference between the real world and the way people want it to be...a gross simplification, that, but useful in examining truth vs. everything else. Searle refers to direction of fit in some of his writings: 'mind-to-world'; 'world-to-mind' and all of that. Which is, largely, his way of saying there is only one way things really are---everything else, whether deemed true, or merely desirable, is just the ways we would like things to be.. (OK. I lied about further harangue. So shame on me then. As Bill said, some years ago, everybody lies. And, we go on living, little the worse for wear...because we are USED TO IT...)

I responded to the Blog post which went political as did this podcast maybe if much more delicately and with a point toward truth. My post started with a John Perry-ism which I have adopted wholeheartedly wrt belief. I'm cross posting here if only because I get confused on the Blog/Podcast postings on PT. It is a wonderful confusion but here it is...

//www.f8r7.com/blog/should-belief-aim-truth

I don't mean to threadjack, and I certainly don't mean to get political - NTTAWWT

Here is my response there and to this podcast which I loved.

A belief is an internal state that motivates an action in conjunction with a desire that will satisfy the desire if the belief is true.

Philosophy is non partisan. It is the discussion of the common grounds of grounds themselves.
But... since this discussion went partisan... let's use it.

Use case one - President Obama believed he could save lives by drawing a line at the use of chemical weapons in Syria.
If only he had stuck to this belief it would have indeed saved many lives and costly migrations. Retrospect is brutal.

Use case two - President Trump believes that he can execute the law by holding himself above it, and in so doing, breaking it.
The silver cord is snapped, not to mention the golden rule.
Logic is even more brutal.

这和劳拉的帖子有什么关系?我们应该以信仰中的真理为目标吗?

案例一:奥巴马有一个信念，却让另一个激发行动的内部国家恐惧战胜了他。巴拉克应该以真相为目标。

Use case two: Some people like to say Trump only believes in himself. The truth is ... he doesn't know what he desires, at least not consistently. Without consistent desire… there is no satisfaction in belief. Donald’s alternative fact is, in fact fleeting desire.

So… should belief aim at truth. Yes. As long as there is consistent desire. Where actions affect external states these desires should be common to all, or at least many.

Is there such thing as truth. Retrospectively there is. Presently and prospectively there is certainly logical truth. Let’s not deny truth when for the most part the problem is a lack of desire to do anything about it.

Truth exists independently of us and our belief of it. That's how we know truth is real. Should beliefs not aim at truth just because they can never actually hit it? It's not whether or not they should or shouldn't. It's whether or not you should have the power to aim for others without having to suffer the consequences (or possibility) of being aimed at, yourself.

正如肯·威尔伯常说的:“就这样……'

Partisan, bipartisan, non-partisan, anti-partisan。我选择了最后一个，因为我知道“错误的二分法”是什么意思，以及事情的实际情况。

Have begun reading Gilbert Ryle (1900-1976). From a paper published in 1967. he wrote: "...We started off with the apparent paradox that though the teacher in teaching is doing something to (his) pupil, yet the pupil has learned virtually nothing unless (he) becomes able and ready to do things at (his) own motion other than what the teacher exported to (him)..." (The parentheticals are merely illustration. In today's lexicon, for reasons of propriety and/or social change, the terms his, he and him might be emended to her and she.)
Anyway, Ryle's assessment reminded me of my own notion, previously shared on the PT blog: We know what we are taught. We are what we have learned. Ryle's words are more elaborative, but mine, I think, capture an essence of the thought. We have all had teachers, some better than others. If any of them did their jobs, we somehow learned the 'how' of things other than those 'exported' to us. The best ones, though, did not try to tell us what to believe. I try to learn something from everything and hope to learn more from the late Mr. Ryle.

I dont think its the ownership of the lesson thats important to the success of the teacher to teach the pupil (as i gleaned from your depiction) but rather with whether or not the student thinks the teacher is full of sht.

我想这就是为什么我在高中的生物技术课上得到了所有的A和全部的大学学分，而英语成绩却一直很低的原因。我还不能用我自己的语言来表达“大众辩论”和“集体主义建构精神病”。学校不教这样的单词。It undermines their english teacher's authoritarianism that they need to make it look like they're not completely full of subjective sht.

只有傻子才会认为英语老师不是一堆主观的废话。随着文字处理和拼写检查技术的发展，除了没有远见的傻瓜，谁还会为了下一个拼写b费心去记忆那些过时的废话呢?

And who would respect you after asking them to commit verifiably false nonsense to their deepest memory?

"Dan is the man in the van." This verse really pissed off a lot of people. You cant imagine how true it is, but who would believe it?

I currently have my much-edited-and-revised essay on knowledge, opinion and belief under review by a respected philosophy publication. Should it become a published work, I will advise PT and its audiences.---just in case they are still interested in this topic. The entire subject has always been fascinating to me, which is why I finally wrote something about it. If it gets a foot in that tightly-regulated door, I shall be elated and surprised. Wish me luck, fellow philosophiles. (although I have recently completed something about that too., entitled: ON LUCK;CHANCE;ABSURDITY AND CARL JUNG) More grist for the mill; more opportunity to either succeed---or fail.

This is old grist, by now. Beliefs are, more-or-less, based on ideology, convenience, preference and so on. None of those bases are reliant on truth as their foundation. In fact, an opposing account is more likely. Things which are true, in themselves, stand without explanations or proofs. They need no approval, no artificial executions. Authentic truth needs no additional support. The notion of belief aiming at truth misses the point, or better, ignores it altogether. Belief and truth are mutually exclusive most of the time. Consider this: if belief and truth were synonymous, there would be no need for any distinction between them. All we would need would be universal agreement on some descriptor of 'how things really are'. Clearly, it is way too late for that.
Beliefs could never have AIMED at truth. That was never the point in having them in the earliest place. Beliefs are regional, provincial, cultural, theological, racial, and a whole lot more. Few are global. And that further isolates the reality. Things that are true are always true. Those that are not are always beliefs. Tanstaffl.(for the un-initiated: no free lunch)

I am grateful for Davidson. When he classed certain attitudes as propositional, he explicated the maleability of belief. Propositions are, by their nature, conditional. This means they are not truth to anyone who confronts them; only those who subscribe to and accept their conditions. This is only complicated for those who do not see or accept the distinction, in other words, folks whose belief is unshakable, facts and proofs to the contrary, notwithstanding. See, at such times, people don't want to think more clearly: clear thinking would interfere with their belief. Can't have that.

Beliefs are not supposed to aim at truth. They are intended to convince us that they ARE truth, whether we think so or not. This is not complicated. It is predicated on our reluctance to question.
The sheep mentality. Those who push belief rely on their skill to sell credibility. The more successful they are, the greater the number of adherents they can entice and convince. This is an ancient scam.
It is not, then, a matter of belief-aiming-at-truth, but one of belief selling itself as such. Hope this clears the matter up.